requestId:684c3e4aab5547.40245198.
The governance concept of modern Confucianism in China
Author: Bao HuiyangXue Qingsong (researcher and doctoral supervisor in Yunnan Department of Philosophy)
Source: “Yunnan Social Sciences”, 2021 No. 2
Abstract
Respecting science and wisdom is the excellent tradition of the Chinese people. In the eyes of Confucianism, the way to learn is to “seek peace of mind” and hope for sages and honor. Confucians advocate that when reading books, we should pay attention to classics, read and think carefully, focus on both picture learning and practice, and practice both morality, so as to become more wise and prosperous. Tomorrow’s students need to adhere to the reading concept of “learning questions and seeking peace of mind”, establish the academic self-consciousness of “writing is based on the way” and “civilized people”, study classics carefully, publish academic masterpieces, and truly benefit the students of the school and the good.
Keywords: “Seeking peace of mind”; unity of knowledge and action; dual cultivation of virtue;
Admiring learning and wisdom is the excellent tradition of the Chinese people.在中國歷史上，既有“囊螢映雪”“鑿壁借光”“懸梁刺股”等傳頌千古的勤學典故，也有“讀包養書破萬卷，下筆若有神”1“腹有詩書氣自華”等膾炙生齒的博官网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台网平台� This article is based on the discussion on reading governance in Confucian classics, and systematically sorts out the governance concept of modern Confucianism in China, aiming to provide contemporary scholars with wisdom and enlightenment.
1. What is the meaning of reading and learning? More than two thousand years ago, Mencius gave a tragic conclusion that shocked the past and present and pointed directly at the heart of the people: “The way to learn is not the same, so I will be relieved by seeking peace of mind!” 6 The so-called “peace of mind” refers to the conscience and the nature of confusion. Mencius emphasized that the heart of obsession, shamefulness, respectfulness, and short-term heart are not only “everyone has it”, but also “I am inherent”. It is something that everyone has, but later it gradually becomes careless and confused. Mencius wrote an example of “the wood of Niushan” to illustrate the process of “heart” obsession: “The wood of Niushan is beautiful,Because its suburbs are in the country, can it be beautiful if it is cut off by axes and pounds? 7 The trees in Niushan were once very prosperous, but because they were located in the suburbs of the big capital, people often cut them down with an axe. How can these trees last for a long time? In the eyes of Confucianism, the “heart” of a person is originally pure and clear, but because of “desire, seeking wealth, seeking fame, and practicing different learning, like being drunk and dreaming, and as crazy as a scattered”, they gradually “because the body is contaminated by the body, contaminated by material desires, and contaminated by the body” 8, and the study of the study The ultimate goal is to find the confused nature of the original intention and conscience.
Wang Yangming once pointed out that “the learning of a saint is the learning of the mind”9. The learning questions passed down by saints during the past are essentially about the “heart”. “The mind is the Tao, and the Tao is the heaven, and the mind understands and knows the heaven”10. The three of the mind, the Tao, and the heaven point to similar things, but they are different in different contexts. “Shangshu” says: “ManBaobao.comThe heart is dangerous, the Tao is subtle; the essence is unique, and the innermost. ”11 In Confucianism, “heart” is divided into two types. The state of being obscured and forgotten is the “human heart”, and the original state of being extremely spiritual and mysterious and undetectable is the “heart of Tao”. Because the human heart is blinded by material desires, it is dangerous and difficult to be at peace for a long time, but the heart of Tao seems to be It is clear, but subtle and difficult to be clear, and easy to get dirty. For this reason, readers should be particularly careful, devote themselves to their own actions, be unbiased, and use steadiness to control their hearts, turning people’s hearts into the heart of Tao. “Big Learning” advocates: “You can be calm after you know the end, and then you can be calm after you are calm, and then you can be at ease after you are calm, and then you can be at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are attained after you are at ease after you are at ease after you “12 Only when a person understands what he stops can he maintain concentration; only when he maintains concentration can he activate the mind without being irreversible; only when his mind does not irreversible can he stay at the present; only when he stays at the present can he consciously think about it thoroughly; only when he thinks about it thoroughly can he attain the state of highest goodness. Therefore, for readers who read, “The key to learning is to calm the mind; if you learn to be able to learn to be able to concentrate your mind”13.
Because of this, Confucian scholars especially emphasize that when reading books, they must first calm their mind. Zhu Xi said: “The mind is unstable, so the truth cannot be understood. I have not yet read the book, so I should first calm my mind and put a lot of thoughts on my mind, so that my mind will be as calm as water and like a bright lens. When reading the book, sit calmly, teach you calmly, and realize that things are clearer, this is a place for a long time. “14 In Zhu Xi’s opinion, the reason why people cannot understand the truth when reading books is because their mind is unstable. When reading books, “the mind is not focused and pure, so their thinking is not wise” 15. On the contrary, “the mind is quiet and the mind is dull, and the truth can be seen” 16. To this end, we must first calm the mind, let the mind be as calm as water, and the mind is as bright as a mirror, and not When the monk is separated, he can naturally see all things, “to cultivate this mind, be conscious and tranquil, so that the truth can flow out from it”17. For this reason, Zhu Xi led the “half-day sitting, half-day reading”18. He practiced himself for a long time and suffered a lot, and taught this method to his students. Tang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, Baocai.comBiao also emphasized in “Reading Compositions” that “When reading books, the word “recitation” is the most important thing”19. In his opinion, the mind cannot be clear without being calm, and the nature cannot be nourished without being calm, just like “lighting cannot be as good as illumination, water cannot be as good as sensation”, the mind is the same, “movement is dizzy, static is clear”20. Students only need to understand. After sitting quietly and waiting for a while, the mind is quiet and the truth in the book can be seen.
The Confucian reading concept of “seeking peace of mind” specifically expresses the desire for sages and honors. In the view of Confucianism, “students have learned to be sages and honors” 21. As long as they set the ambition of a sage, the study of reading has a foundation. Wang Yangming strongly expressed in his article “Speaking to Make Ambitions for Brothers”Long-term care remarks: “There is nothing more than setting goals when learning. If ambition does not stand, the sacredness will not be achieved, and only the cultivation of the work will be restored, and the suffering will not be achieved. The reason why the world is in a state of chaos is that it is
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